Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Is A Collection Of Multiple Effects...

Fetal alcohol syndrome is a collection of multiple effects that happen because of exposure to alcohol in utero and can be a very serious problem that is prevalent. Fetal alcohol syndrome was first talked about and described in 1973 (Caley, Dunlap, Shipkey, Rivera, Winkelman, 2006). Over the years a lot has become known about the dangers of exposing a fetus to alcohol and how common it really is (Caley et al, 2006). According to Krulewitch (2005), 1 in 10 women will consume alcohol after knowing they have become pregnant. Nurses have a key role in providing care and explaining to the newly pregnant mother the effects of consuming alcohol during pregnancy. Bohjanen, Humphrey, and Ryan (2009) say, that brain imaging has begun to show the abnormalities and effects alcohol has on the brain structurally and the deficits it causes. Psychicatic problems that can occur are anxiety, their mood, how they conduct themselves with others and have distracting behavioral disorders according to O’Malley Storoz (2003). Mattson, Crocker Nguyen (2011) say that one of the hardest things is to understand the various neurobehavioral outcomes that come with pre-exposure to alcohol while in the womb because you have to guess the pattern of the alcohol consumption. Was it the amount the mother drank? Was it the timing of development that she drank? All in all, it is the amount of alcohol consumed which is linked to the severity of the child’s deficits ( Mattson, Crocker, Ngyyen, 2011).Show MoreRelatedFetal Alcohol Syndrome1466 Words   |  6 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome â€Å"If women didn’t drink anymore during pregnancy, there would never be another baby born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Fetal Alcohol Effect† (McCuen 33). This is a very powerful statement. It is also a very simple cure for an alarmingly high birth defect that all women have the power to stop. â€Å"Every year more than 40,000 American children are born with defects because their mother drank alcohol while pregnant â€Å" (McCuen 34). That is 1 to 3 per 1,000 live birthsRead MoreThe Effects Of Maternal Alcohol Use On A Fetus1755 Words   |  8 Pagesdamaging effects of maternal alcohol use on a fetus in utero, there are a multitude of other substances that are used by pregnant mothers that have similar and even, in some cases, more extreme repercussions such as marijuana, heroin, and cocaine. When speaking about pregnancy and drug use, the most common drug that comes to mind is alcohol. During 12 years of schooling, most people are exposed, at one point or another, to the idea of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and the detrimental effects of alcohol on aRead MoreHesi Practice31088 Words   |  125 PagesIneffective coping. B. Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements. C. Imbalaneed nutrition: More than body requirements. D. Interrupted family processes. 5. The nurse is caring for a client who underwent a subtotal gastrectomy. To manage dumping syndrome, the nurse should advise the client to A. restrict fluid intake to 1 qt (1,000 mL)/day. B. drink liquids only with meals. C. don t drink liquids 2 hours before meals. D. drink liquids only between meals. 6. A client seeks care for low back painRead MoreUnit 2 study guide8637 Words   |  35 Pagesof the basal ganglia is the substantia nigra, which synthesizes dopamine, a neurotransmitter and precursor of norepinephrine. Its dysfunction is associated with Parkinsons disease (p.455) The basal ganglia system is believed to exert a fine-tunning effect on motor movements. Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons diseare are conditions associate with defects of the basal ganglia. (p.452) 4. What is the function of the CSF? Where is it produced? Where is it absorbed? The function of the CSF is to protectRead MorePatho-Phys Unit 2 Study Guide Usa Essay4997 Words   |  20 Pagescerebellum is responsible for conscious and unconscious muscle synergy and for maintaining balance and posture. Where is the primary defect in Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons? (pg. 453) The basal ganglia system is believed to have a fine-tuning effect on motor movements. Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons disease are associated with defects of the basal ganglia. What is the function of the CSF? (pg 461) CSF is a clear, colorless fluid similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid. TheRead MoreMonitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology ( Icmart )9447 Words   |  38 Pagesbe partially controlled by the ovarian hormones, and local soluble factors (cytokines, leukotrienes, chemokines, prostaglandins, growth factors) produced by the blastocyst and the endometrium.10 There are numerous cytokines involved in the maternal-fetal interaction and of particular interest is the Interleukin 6 family which includes Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Leukaemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), Neurotrophic Factor, Oncostatin M, and Cardiotrophin1.10 IL-6 has been shown to be of significant importanceRead MoreThe Social Impact of Drug Abuse24406 Words   |  98 Pagescan be addressed in a constructive, coordinated manner. The paper concerns primarily narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances but also includes, where appropriate, information on problems related to the abuse of other addictive substances such as alcohol and tobacco. It is divided into four main sections. Part one describes the nature of the drug problem, in particular the chain of drug production, distribution and consumption. It also provides information on the economics of this chain, includingRead MoreAp Psychology Review Packet12425 Words   |  50 Pagesfemale sex hormone. 102.Evolutionary Psychology:  the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. 103.Experiment:  a research method in which an investigator manipulates one of more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. 104.Experimental Group:  the group that is exposed to the treatment in an experiment. 105.Explicit Memory:  memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare; stored in hippocampus. 106.Extinction:  diminishingRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pages(A) in the case of a State in which a quali- 4 fied high-risk pool (as defined under section 5 2744(c)(2) of the Public Health Service Act) 6 was in effect as of July 1, 2009, the Secretary 7 shall require the State make a maintenance of 8 effort payment each year that the high-risk pool 9 is in effect equal to an amount not less than the 10 amount of all sources of funding for high-risk 11 pool coverage made by that State in the year 12 ending July

Prostitution As A Form Of Survival - 1755 Words

A queen is a queen and a jack is a jack, but a whore is still a lady. When people think of the word prostitute, images of a dirty and sick lifestyle race through their head, well that is just a stereotype. Prostitution is known as the world’s oldest profession, and today it takes many forms, from dangerous street walking to luxury brothels. Prostitution is the exchange of sexual acts for money, food, rent, drugs, or other material goods. In summary, women and men, prostitute themselves when they grant sexual access for money, gifts, or other payment and in so doing use their body in commodity. Prostitution is a complex system throughout the world. Economic and social conditions as well as lack of opportunity for women are major contributors towards women entering and remaining in prostitution. Additionally, women often see prostitution as a form of survival. We need to see that patriarchal capitalism designs the social and economic life of these women and recognize the few goo d options it offers and how getting out of the prostitution system is a difficult process. Main Reasons for Entering and Staying in the Profession of Prostitution A woman in her twenties is offering the service of sexual gratification in a brothel. Right outside her door is a two-year old that’s asleep on the floor, she huddles up into a ball to stay warm; that two-year old is her child. A large nonprofit scientific and educational institution, National Geographic, presents the documentary, Taboo:Show MoreRelatedSelling A Body For Survival1244 Words   |  5 PagesSelling a Body for Survival There is actually one very good reason prostitution is known as the world’s oldest profession. It is because it has helped many women survive the toughest of times. No matter what moralists and conservatives say about how evil and corrupt prostitution is, the fact remains that the practice has actually not been that bad when it comes to giving an opportunity to one poor woman to save her family as well as herself. A non-profit media co-operative, New InternationalistRead MoreChild Prostitution Should Not Be Punished For Their Children767 Words   |  4 Pagesday. Did the memory of child prostitution run through your mind? No? How about having your rights and innocence completely stripped away from you? About ten million children are involved in prostitution worldwide (B.Willis, 2002), with India consisting of one million child prostitutes; forty percent the country’s total prostitution population (CNN, 2009). In most cases, children are kidnapped and forced into p rostitution or take part in what is known as â€Å"survival sex† to provide basic needs forRead MoreProstitution Should Not be Legalized Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution should not be ‘Legalized’ Sexual objectification of women is viewing them solely as de-personalized objects of desire instead of as individuals of complex personalities, which is done by speaking or thinking of women solely by their physical attributes. Sexuality has been a controversial topic for a long time, and there have been many thinkers pondering on its effects on societies and cultures all over the world. The physical expression of sexuality is fundamental and universal. WhatRead MoreLegalization Of Prostitution : The United States From The Beginning Of English Settlements1542 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution has underlyingly lingered in the history of the United States from the beginning of English settlements. In the industrial times, five percent of the population of women working were prostitutes. During the migration to the West, prostitutes were the majority- if not the only women in boom towns. Not until 1875, were there any laws officially banning prostitution. The Page law was created when Chinese immigrant women become prostitutes or second wives to European men. The law bannedRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized?1298 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is considered to be the oldest profession in the world. Many people support the idea of legalizing prostitution, while others do not. This controversial debate has been ongoing since the beginning of time. Paul Armentano states many points that push towards why prostitution should be legalized, but the truth is that prostitution is just the sexual objectification of women. It is viewing them solely as de-personalized objects of desire instead of as individuals of complex personalitiesRead MoreEssay about The Adult Sex Industry 948 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand the differences between human trafficking, sex slavery, and prostitution. An individual also has to taken into consideration why another individual would choose prostitution as means of income verses any other job that doesn’t include the buying an d selling of sex. One must be able to empathize with the individuals who choose prostitution and be able to take into consideration some factors that may lead an individual to prostitution as a means of economic trade. Such factors might include; theRead MoreProstitution Is Considered The World Oldest Profession1170 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution is regarded as the world’s oldest profession; however, every state, except Nevada, currently prohibits it. According to Dr. Shumsky, â€Å"in the nineteenth-century police departments...confined prostitution to certain locations† to segregate prostitutes from other citizens (Shumsky 668). Many people see prostitution as a fountainhead of vice, and numerous religious leaders have argued that it leads to other crimes such as adultery. One common misconception about prostitution is that mostRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of Principles Over People : Abolitionist Feminism And Human Trafficking1656 Words   |  7 Pagescritically about the abolitionist feminism as it relates to human trafficking and prostitution. The author believes the abolitionist feminist movement further perpetuates the very principles they argue against. He believes the abolitionists’ stance that all prostitution is forced and a form of human trafficking removes a woman’s right to choose what she does with her body. He further believes the stigmatization of prostitution by the abolitionist harms the women who are willingly choosing to be sex workersRead MoreSweat Shops Essay1199 Words   |  5 Pagessomeone had heard this definition of sweatshops they would go straight to the assumption that sweatshops are not good. But they do have some good in them. They keep workers away from bad things such as prostitution and crimes. They also boost the countries economy and give them a means of survival. Thats what sweatshop defenders would say which is not completely true. Not only do sweatshop workers not get enough money to feed themselves and their families, they are subjected to exploitationRead MoreProstitution Is The Act Of Selling1409 Words   |  6 Pagesof a person for the purpose of arousing or gratifying the sexual desire of either person† (Prostitution Laws of Nevada, 2009). Prostitution is the act of selling the sex either personally (selling oneself) or with the use of an organization (ie a brothel where an owner rents rooms and prostitutes for a timed use based on an entry fee or a pimp selling another human for the sexual use of others). Prostitution is a hot topic that sparks controversy wherever it goes either by sparking moral indignation

North vs. South Living Free Essays

Have you ever wandered weather you wanted to live in the north or the south? There are a lot of differences between the northern and southern states, but there are also some highly important similarities. People in the north are generally used to crowded places, because they have a lot of people in a smaller area. In the south people feel that they have more room to stretch and relax, but weather it’s on a city street or 45 acres of grassy land their usually laughing happily with their friends. We will write a custom essay sample on North vs. South Living or any similar topic only for you Order Now The difference in the population causes people to have different activity’s they enjoy. Its common for people in the south to enjoy a relaxing day on the front porch with a cup of sweet tea, whereas people in the north would enjoy a busy night out on the town. Wherever you decide to enjoy your free time you can guarantee that you’ll find a McDonald’s or another popular fast food restaurant to keep your hunger satisfied. Before they go out though, they have to remember, since the temperature is lower in the north they need to wear heaver suits, and jackets. In the south, weather is hot enough to wear shorts, flip flops, and sun tan lotion. No matter where you are though, you can be sure to find a Walmart where cloths can be bought, and other items that prepare you for the weather. In the south there is a lot more room, so people can have farms. Farms are a major way for the south states to make money. In the north there are tons of buildings built feet apart from each other. People use these buildings to house their businesses. Big business is the one of the main ways the north makes money, but weather people are in an office or a field preparing crops they are working hard to make money. The north is an exiting place at night, because that is when it is lit up with the dazzling lights of the many restaurants and night clubs. While the people in the north are dressed in their best and off to a good time people in the south are sleeping soundly. The south is a place where the early bird gets the worm. People down south cant wait to get up early for church, or maybe a good game of golf with old friends. Southern people tend to take it a lot slower during the day, because they don’t have to fight to get to work on time like the city people. People like different activities, but that does not mean they aren’t having fun. Weather they like dancing the night away, or hitting a few golf balls down the drive they are still enjoying their day. Not only do people in the city have to fight the dense population, also there is a matter of weather. In the north it is much colder due to distance from the equator. People in the north are usually seen in pants and long sleeve shirts year round. Southern people only have to worry about cold weather for winter, which usually only last about 3 months. Other than winter southern people can happily wear shorts and T-shirts. During the summer southern people even have to put on sun screen so they don’t get sun burns. Even though cloths are made for different climates they are usually made by the same people. Many name brand cloths such as, Hollister, Abercrombie, and forever 21 are sold in the north and south. There are many differences between the north and south, and some very important similarities. They have a difference of population, ways to earn money, entertainment interests, and even weather. In the south and in the north you’ll be sure to find people enjoying their life’s, and buying name brand cloths with money they make from hard work. This will never change. How to cite North vs. South Living, Papers

Moral Communities and Jailhouse Religion- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMoral Communities and Jailhouse Religion. Answer: Introduction Many people have decribed prisons as schools for crime and others term the prisons as breeding grounds for crime. Actually, new data shows that a prisoner is more likely to commit other crime ones they get out of prison. Incarcerating criminals makes them learn new tricks of the trade. The perception that if you go to prison, you become more violent and corrupt when you leave is true. This is because most of the conversations in prison generally revolve around drugs, crime and gossip of who will do what to whom (Chin et al., 2010). Even while in prison, there are offenders who commit crimes and plan new crimes when they get a chance to get out of the prison facility. It has been worse because some gang leaders or shot callers who are influential in the prison facility engineer crimes by using the offenders who have been released. One of the reason why prisoners come out worse than they went in is than some aspire to be the kingpins in the prison hence they must prove that they can indeed become by committing more serious crimes both inside the prison and when they are released so that they can go back. The prison system has lacked effectiveness in that once an offender is incarcerated there is nothing that motivates them to change their ways even though some people may say that the decision is purely made by the individual whether to change or not. According to experts in restorative justice, the reason why prison has become ineffective is because the system has been set up as a harsh penal estate instead of a place where the offender can experience transformative rehabilitation. Norway is one of the countries that has managed to transform its prison system into a rehabilitative experience and the data shows that it is among the countries that have the lowest reoffending rates in the world (Hartnett, Novek and Wood, n.d.). This person needs to be reintegrated into society by learning that their behavior is socially unsuitable, inculcating correct behavioral values and encouraging respect for other road users. The prison curriculum must seek a re-education aim accompanied by programs or measures aimed at identifying and addressing the causes that are in the genesis of particular crimes(Inciardi, 2010). Effects of Imprisonment When a person is admitted to a prison institution he is going to suffer a traumatic experience that will inevitably alter his emotional state. This phenomenon has been studied over time by many researchers and has been called in different ways among them "jail", prison effect, and has even been described as a process of mourning for the loss of freedom. It is usual that, when relatives withdraw from the prison, the prisoner's state of mind subsides. The interns are well aware of this depressive problem they call the term "jail". The daily life of the prisoner is brutal (Hartnett, Novek and Wood, n.d.). Everyday life, which was outside before imprisonment, has died and what follows is mourning. A duel that the prisoners describe as "death in life",a prolonged period of depression, apathy, anguish and rebellion. How to cope with loss and withstand the anguish of this new reality that cannot even be constituted as such for the person? Imperceptibly, defense mechanisms will be put in place to provide some form of self-protection. The most usual are the denials: "I will not ask to be brought clothes because I leave in two days"; the rationalizations: and the projections: what do I do here surrounded by delinquents? Later they describe the stages of mourning for offenders in seclusion between the emotional shock "The first reaction is unbelief. Subsequently, the aggressiveness, the rebellion. Manipulation is what characterizes the third stage, in which attempts at negotiation to achieve freedom, pressure on relatives, lawyers, etc. begin(Samaha, 2006). Depression and, with it, a sense of guilt, especially in relation to the children and the family, take over the women prisoners, who fall into apathy, sleep all day or resort to drugs. People entering a penitentiary will find themselves in an environment characterized by emotional isolation, permanent vigilance, lack of intimacy, routine, repeated frustrations and a new scale of values that, among other things, conditions interpersonal relationships based in the distrust and the aggressiveness. These subject the prisoner to an emotional overload that will facilitate the appearance of mismatches in their behavior at best, if not the manifestation of frankly pathological behavior, especially if previously there was already an unbalanced personality, at the time of entry into prison The entry into the jail initiates a process of adaptation to the penitentiary environment, which many psychologists call prisonizatin and that is divided in three levels of affectation, the first consists basically in a regressive behavior, immature, anxious and unstable from the point of view affective as a response to entry to a Total Institution such as jail. In the case of an adaptive failure, a second stage would lead to real behavioral disorders, mainly marked by aggressive behavior, the appearance of depressive affective deterioration or the presence of episodes related to anxiety disorders in different manifestations, either traumatizing or in the form of acute anxious episodes (Hartnett, Novek and Wood, n.d.). At a third level of this process of deterioration, severe mental pathology will appear, with psychotic outbreaks, severe affective disorders, abnormal experiential reactions or serious anxiety crisis and mal adaptation to the prison, which would advise the inmate's hos pitalization(Merino, 2013). Achievements of imprisonment from other modes of punishment Imprisonments serve the following purpose as compared to other forms of correction; Punish-It is clear that society must have an order, which cannot be chaotic or anarchic, and that is why the criminal system has a fundamental function. But there is no single study that shows that prisons help to reduce crimes(Parmelee, 2011). In contrast, investigations by the Brennan Center for Justice, for example, have shown that once a criminal has committed a minor offense he is more likely to commit serious offenses. This is even more likely when the inmate is not given a humane but degrading treatment, because the prison institution is shifting from its rehabilitation function to focusing on punishment (Meade, n.d.). That is when prisons are assimilated to hell. Something that is usually forgotten in societies where human rights are permanently violated: once a prisoner enters a country's prison system, the government has an obligation to take care of it, to help maintain its dignity. The reverse is a crime. The proportion of suicides within prisons is much higher than that outside prisons. What accounts for this difference? The fact that a person is in social isolation generates a series of effects. If to this we add that it is about penitentiary isolation this is exaggerated even more(Conklin, 2013). Humans to build 'our self' need social interaction. By not having it, we stop being feedback and rebuild our identity, since this identity is built through interaction. Therefore we will see very fast the effects at physiological level: less memory capacity, mental agility, concentration. In isolation this is accentuated much more and if it exceeds 15 days, they generate sequels that can become permanent(Parmelee, 2011). The effects are devastating right away because it generates a social disconnection and a very large social isolation, without interpersonal contact, that can bring consequences such as psychotic disorders, schizophrenia, more isolated personalities, paranoias (Meade, n.d.) . There are many studies on how an inclusive, positive environ ment that reinforces social development can prevent and mitigate the effects of mental disorders. The same thing happens when there is a deprivation. Isolation creates conditions that can precipitate mental disorders. The psychological damage is always, however, the type of damage and the degree of affectation and will depend on other factors such as the length of stay, whether the person suffers oppressive techniques or torture and also individual factors. Consequences of abolishing the prison system Prisons or prisons are institutions authorized by the government to imprison and isolate from society those individuals who have disobeyed the law. Prisoners are locked up and deprived of their liberty for months, years and, in some cases, their whole lives(Conklin, 2013). Social: family problems, social and labor isolation, social learning problems, skills to relate to others and stigmatization. Especially this last element is determinant in the learning of new habits when leaving the prison; a strongly stigmatized person will hardly find work and will be marginalized at an informal level (Meade, n.d.). Biological: deprivation of liberty can cause an increase in the instinct of attack by not being able to flee. It also causes problems of sexual or sensory deprivation problems (vision, hearing, ...). On the other hand, at certain ages a state of clear isolation can cause serious alterations of the development, although this does not happen in the prisons of the democratic states Psychological: Psychological effects are a reality for inmates with problems of self-esteem, drug use, anxiety, learned helplessness, dependency, etc. In addition, if used for many days in a row, the isolation cells involve a deficit of sensory stimulation which in other contexts has been found to be extremely harmful and which can generate the broth to cause psychiatric disorders. Conclusion Prisoners are deprived of their liberty. The situation they live and the behavioral deprivation to which they are subjected make their stay in prison causes different physical and psychological consequences at several levels (Meade, n.d.). Finally, acceptance is, in general, very difficult for these women who in what we observe seem to go through the first four stages repeatedly. References Chin, V., Brown, R., Dandurand, Y. and McAskill, E. (2010). Handbook for prison leaders. New York: United Nations. Hartnett, S., Novek, E. and Wood, J. (n.d.). Working For Justice. Conklin, J. (2013).Criminology. Boston: Pearson. Inciardi, J. (2010).Criminal justice. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Merino, N. (2013).Criminal justice. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Meade, B. (n.d.). Moral communities and jailhouse religion Parmelee, M. (2011).Criminology. New York, NY: Barnes Noble Digital Library. Samaha, J. (2006).Criminal justice. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.

Importance of Multiculturism Essay Example

Importance of Multiculturism Essay Multiculturalism, as defined as the idea that multiple cultures can co-exist within the same nation, seems on the face of it to be a rather benign idea. The concept that someone living in one culture finds a way to tolerate the cultural practises of other ethnic systems appears to lead to a more peaceful world as conflict between differing groups is set aside. Yet there is a paradox to this idea. Suppose that it is the cultural standard of one group to be intolerant.Is a multicultural society supposed to accept that? If so, then this breaks down the basis of the multicultural identity as at least one group violates that. If not, then the multicultural ethic does not exist in the first place. However, I do not see cultural exchange as being always a two-way street, nor is multiculturalism an all-or-nothing dichotomy. That is, a culture can choose to accept other cultures on a tolerant basis to a certain point, while other cultures will respond in a different manner.In a sense, there i s pretty much a single meta-culture, where most rational beings with find agreement, but then again there is but one Human species. I suppose that where multiculturalism shows its importance is in the idea that no culture is inherently superior to all others, and no culture is truly inferior to the rest. Every human culture has the possibility of contributing positively to the human condition, and the benefits of multicultural thoughts give us all the humility to not be so judging of a whole culture that we ignore that idea.This does not mean we blindly accept all aspects of a cultural system. It simply means that we take each aspect on its own merit and determine if it can be acceptable in the whole. Fortunately, most things, such as language, religious belief, celebrations, and foodstuffs, are totally acceptable, while the ones that cannot be included are usually self-evident to the whole.Perhaps the greatest importance is found in the idea that a mono-cultural experience, where e veryone has the same system, can be utterly boring at best and stagnant at worst. Diversity within the human family is just as important as it is in nature, with it being a true source of strength in times of crises. Perhaps an apt analogy is the beauty that a flower garden has. A garden with just one type of flower has no comparison to the beauty that multitudes of flora holds.

Words Drawn from Trahere

Words Drawn from Trahere Words Drawn from â€Å"Trahere† Words Drawn from â€Å"Trahere† By Mark Nichol The Latin verb trahere is the source of an assortment of words pertaining to drawing or to drawing or pulling out. This post lists and defines the English descendant tract and terms formed from that root word; a follow-up post will discuss trahere’s disguised offspring. Most words in the trahere family are based on tract, which itself refers to an area of land (hence â€Å"tract home† to refer to a dwelling that is part of a housing development) or to a bundle of related nerve fibers or an anatomical system, as well as, less commonly, a period of time. (Tract also refers to a political or religious pamphlet.) A tractor is a vehicle that pulls. (A tractor that pulls cargo containers is sometimes called a semitractor, or a semi.) Traction is the act of, or the force exerted in, pulling, or a force that causes a moving object to resist movement, or, figuratively, support necessary to achieve progress. Words that combine a prefix with tract include abstract (literally, â€Å"draw from), which as an adjective means â€Å"disassociated,† â€Å"formal,† â€Å"impersonal† or â€Å"theoretical† and as a noun means â€Å"summary of a document.† Abstraction is the quality of exhibiting one of these states, or the act or state of summarization. Meanwhile, to attract is to literally or figurative draw toward; attraction is the associated force or quality, and something that attracts is an attractor. Contract (literally, â€Å"draw with†) means â€Å"enter into an agreement†; â€Å"be affected by† or â€Å"incur†; or â€Å"physically shorten,† â€Å"restrict,† or â€Å"wrinkle.† (Contraction is the act or condition of being restricted or shortened.) As an adjective, the word pertains to being hired for a task rather than as an employee; one who works under these conditions is a contractor (not a contractee), and a contractor may hire assistants or specialists as subcontractors. The adjective contractual refers to an agreement, but something that can be contracted is contractible, and the capacity to be contracted is contractability. In the euphemistic slang of organized crime, to put out a contract on someone is to hire someone to kill someone else. One who detracts takes away, and the act is detraction. That word generally refers to an instance of belittling or disparagement, and the actor is a detractor. Distrahere, meaning â€Å"draw in different directions,† is the parent word of the verb distract and the noun distraction, as well as distraught, an adjective originally meaning â€Å"deranged† or â€Å"mad† but now most often pertaining to emotional distress. Extract means to take out, and an extract is something taken out; such an action is an extraction. To protract (â€Å"draw forward†) is to continue or extend; the word is not employed as a noun, but a protractor is one who protracts or a muscle that does so, as well as a mathematical tool for drawing and measuring angles. (Protracted serves as an adjective.) To retract, by contrast, is to draw back in, or to disavow or withdraw a claim or other statement, including an offer or a promise. An act of retracting is a retraction. Meanwhile, to subtract is to take away, especially in the mathematical sense, and subtraction is the act of taking away. A subtrahend is a number subtracted by another. (The other is called a minuend; that word, related to minor and minute, is from the Latin verb minuere, meaning â€Å"lessen.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of Adjectives"Replacement for" and "replacement of"10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills

Irish Scrappage Scheme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Irish Scrappage Scheme - Essay Example Recall that the questions we are concerned with are (i) whether the scrappage scheme has had a positive impact on the aggregate sales of cars in the domestic market and (ii) whether the introduction of the scrappage scheme has created a substitution effect from G and C band vehicles to A and B brand vehicles. The hypothesis and the basic setup In order to empirically examine these questions, the easiest and simplest methodology adoptable is that of using two different OLS regressions for cases (i) and (ii) to test whether the introduction of the scheme led to any significant departures in the time series observations of our dependent variables. As mentioned earlier, our dependent variable for case (i) are the quarterly car sales over the sample period of 2003 to 2010. Incorporating an indicator variable for the time periods which were under the coverage of the scrappage scheme as an independent variable, one can conceive an OLS specification to see if the there was a significant impact of the dummy on the dependent variable. However, in order to obtain precise, valid estimates it is crucial to control for other factors that may have influenced car sales during the sample period. To better understand the reasoning, consider the following regression: (1) represents the dependent variable, denotes the constant, i.e., the inte rcept, denotes the dummy for the scrappage scheme, represents a vector of controls and is the stochastic disturbance or the error term . can be defined as : And Thus, the coefficient signifies the impact of the scrappage scheme on the dependent variable . If we find is statistically significant from zero, the implication will be that the scrappage scheme had an impact. The sign on the coefficient will indicate the direction of the impact. Therefore, if the coefficient is found to be significant and positive, that will imply that the scrappage scheme led to an increase in the dependent variable . If on the other hand we find the coefficient to be negative, that will imply that the scrappage scheme led to a decline on the dependent variable. The coefficient vector includes the coefficients on the individual variables included as controls. The signs and significances of these coefficients will reveal the direction and importance of the control variables for the determination of the dep endent variable. Therefore, for case (i), we can take the time series of car sales as our dependent variable